However, SHDSL is expensive! Although national traffic is free of charge, international traffic is $5/GB. Compare that with ADSL at $1/GB for both national and international (Table 1).
Table 1. ADSL vs. SHDSL| ADSL | SHDSL | |
|---|---|---|
| Speed | 7M down/1M up | 5M down/5M up |
| Price national | $1/GB | Free |
| Price international | $1/GB | $5/GB |
| Public IP addresses | 1 | 1 + /28 |
There are clear pros and cons to both. That made me think (and I don't do that often), what if we kept ADSL for international traffic that's not that critical for us, and use SHDSL primarily for national traffic—fast and cheap?
Figure 2. Split Traffic between International and National
We also got a /28 subnet with the SHDSL to use for a DMZ, and obviously, we want all the traffic to and from the DMZ to go via the SHDSL link, regardless of whether it's national or international.
Figure 3. Traffic to/from the DMZ
Routing 101
For my plan to work, the company core router needs some way to tell whether a packet from a workstation in the office to an IP.AD.DR.ES in the wild open Internet is international or national and send it accordingly through ADSL or SHDSL. Routers use their routing tables for deciding the fates and paths of the packets they forward. A simple routing table for an office workstation with an address of 192.168.130.100 may look like this:
[workstation] ~ # ip route show
192.168.130.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link
↪src 192.168.130.100
default via 192.168.130.1 dev eth0
This says that all traffic to all other addresses in the 192.168.130.0/24 range is to be sent straight to the local network segment attached to interface eth0. All other traffic follows the "default" route and is handed over to the router with IP 192.168.130.1 to handle it. Let's assume we're sending a packet to 8.8.4.4, Google's public DNS server. For starters, we're trying to "ping 8.8.4.4" and are observing the traffic on the workstation's eth0 interface with tcpdump:
[workstation] ~ # tcpdump -i eth0 -n -s0 -e
listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet),
↪capture size 65535 bytes
[1] 17:53:59.615650 00:16:17:ec:5c:6c > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff,
↪ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 42:
Request who-has 192.168.130.1 tell 192.168.130.100,
↪length 28
[2] 17:53:59.615775 00:14:c2:5b:4f:2c > 00:16:17:ec:5c:6c,
↪ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 60:
Reply 192.168.130.1 is-at 00:14:c2:5b:4f:2c, length 46
[3] 17:53:59.615796 00:16:17:ec:5c:6c > 00:14:c2:5b:4f:2c,
↪ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98:
192.168.130.100 > 8.8.4.4: ICMP echo request,
↪id 3082, seq 1, length 64
My workstation consulted the routing table for the destination IP 8.8.4.4 and realized it should send the packet to the default router 192.168.130.1. For that, it needs the router's low-level Ethernet address (also known as a MAC address), and the first packet in the above tcpdump output, marked [1], is doing exactly that—asking for the MAC address of IP 192.168.130.1 by "broadcasting" the request to all nodes on the network segment. The second packet, marked [2], is a reply—IP 192.168.130.1 is at MAC address 00:14:c2:5b:4f:2c. Finally, the PING packet can be dispatched, with the destination IP 8.8.4.4 to the router's MAC address 00:14:c2:5b:4f:2c (see the line marked [3]).
All good, so now we can assume our router got the packet and will forward it further toward the destination. Let's see what happens on the router.
We've got both the ADSL and the SHDSL links configured, but all traffic is, by default, sent through ADSL. The ADSL modem is at 192.168.128.254. For now, the SHDSL link 203.0.113.36/30 sits idle. Here is the routing table:
[router] ~ # ip route show
[1] 203.0.113.36/30 dev vlan-shdsl proto kernel
↪scope link src 203.0.113.38
[2] 192.168.128.0/24 dev vlan-adsl proto kernel
↪scope link src 192.168.128.1
[3] 192.168.130.0/24 dev vlan-office proto kernel
↪scope link src 192.168.130.1
[4] default via 192.168.128.254 dev vlan-adsl
The first line [1] is the SHDSL link—our router's IP on that link is 203.0.113.38. The second line is the link to the ADSL modem; the third line [3] is the network segment with my workstation, and finally, the fourth line [4] is the default route. All packets that don't match any of the local subnets on lines 1, 2 or 3 are sent down to the ADSL modem at 192.168.128.254 that then will forward them to the ISP 2. That's also the fate of our packet to 8.8.4.4. Let's quickly verify what is going to happen to it by calling
ip route get:
[router] ~ # ip route get 8.8.4.4 from 192.168.130.100
↪iif vlan-office
8.8.4.4 from 192.168.130.100 via 192.168.128.254 dev vlan-adsl
As you can see, it will be sent "via 192.168.128.254", which is the ADSL modem. A simple way to check the full network path from my workstation to any given destination address is the traceroute command. It shows all the routers ("hops") along the way to the destination:
[workstation] ~ $ /usr/sbin/traceroute 8.8.4.4
traceroute to 8.8.4.4 (8.8.4.4), 30 hops max,
↪40 byte packets using UDP
1 gw-vlan-office.e-it.co.nz (192.168.130.1)
↪0.156 ms 0.126 ms 0.124 ms
2 gw-vlan-adsl.e-it.co.nz (192.168.128.254)
↪0.853 ms 0.831 ms 0.830 ms
3 core-adsl.isp2 (218.101.x.y)
↪11.765 ms 19.173 ms 19.066 ms
4 core-xyz.isp2 (203.98.x.y)
↪16.052 ms 15.515 ms 17.153 ms
[... some more hops ...]
13 64.233.x.y (64.233.x.y) 193.826 ms 194.230 ms 194.412 ms
14 * * *
15 google-public-dns-b.google.com (8.8.4.4)
↪196.086 ms 195.909 ms 195.816 ms
As you can see, the first hop is our router 192.168.130.1. The second hop is the ADSL modem 192.168.128.254. The third hop is one of the ISP2's core routers, and so on and on, passing 11 more routers before the packet finally reaches the destination 8.8.4.4, aka google-public-dns-b.google.com.
Source : LinuxJournal
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